What is the San Jiao in Traditional Chinese Medicine?

Theory

Dec 17

Understanding the Three Jiao in Traditional Chinese Medicine: Exploring the Three Energetic and Physiologic Centers

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a profound understanding of the human body, considering not only its physical aspects but also the flow of energy within. The San Jiao, one of the vital organs in Chinese Medicine physiology does not have a direct counterpart in Western Medicine, and is often seen as the hollow space between the other vital organs.

In this article, we dive into the essence of the San Jiao and its significance as three distinct divisions, and one complete system, of the body.

In the rich wealth of knowledge of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the San Jiao holds an important place, as an Organ and Meridian, deeply rooted in classical texts and steeped in the philosophical foundations of ancient China. The San Jiao (3 Jiao), known as the Upper Jiao, Middle Jiao, and Lower Jiao, also known as the Three Burners, transcend mere anatomical descriptions, representing a gateway to understanding the intricate web of energy flow within the human body. The San Jiao is not only one of 6 Fu Organs; which are Yang in nature, but a meridain that spans the arm and side of the head and face, and is yin yang paired with the Pericardium.

6 Yang Fu Organs

Gall Bladder
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Bladder
San Jiao (Triple Burner)

The Three Jiao find their definition in classical Chinese medical literature, notably in texts like the Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon). According to TCM, the term "Jiao" encompasses both physical and energetic aspects, denoting specific regions within the body that serve as conduits for the flow of Qi. It is one of the more elusive components of the TCM Organ systems, as it is debated to whether it has a “form” or is composed of other systems, and when viewed in harmony encompasses its own unique identity.

“The Upper Jiao is like mist,
the Middle Jiao is like the
maceration tank, and the
Lower Jiao is like the sewer.
余聞上焦如霧，中焦如漚，
下焦如瀆，此之謂也。”

— Huang Di Nei Jing

The Three Jiao

In the intricate landscape of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the San Jiao is described as being comrised of 3 distinct physical and energetic centers. These centers—Upper Jiao, Middle Jiao, and Lower Jiao—serve as gateways, facilitating the seamless flow of Qi, often referred to as energy, is more than just that; it is also form and function that is the driving force behind physiological systems. (I go more in-depth in my What is Qi? article.)

Upper Jiao: Transformation and Clarity, Circulation and Respiration

The Upper Jiao, describes the chest region and the function of the organs within the thorax, which encompasses the area associated with the Heart, Pericardium, and Lungs. Functions of respiration and circulation are governed here. As an energetic center, the Upper Jiao holds the key to the transformation and refinement of Qi. Its function goes beyond the anatomical confines of organs; it is a crucible where raw energy is distilled into a purer form. By harmonizing the Upper Jiao, practitioners seek to enhance mental clarity, promote emotional well-being, and foster a sense of purpose. It is here that the ethereal meets the human, and the gateway to spiritual and mental harmony is fused. Aspects of joy, grief, and letting go in associated with this energetic center due to the connections with the Heart and Lung Organ Systems.

Main Acu Point for the Upper Burner: Ren-17 (Shan zhong)- Used to stimulate the diffusing and descending of Lung-Qi and warm the Lungs.

Middle Jiao: Core of Digestion and Nourishment

Moving to the abdominal region, we encounter the Middle Jiao, intricately linked to the Stomach, Spleen, Liver, and Gallbladder, and their respective functions. As an energetic center, the Middle Jiao is not confined to the digestive organs alone but extends its influence to the assimilation and distribution of nourishment throughout the body. This burner is crucial in transforming ingested substances into vital energy, ensuring the body is well-nourished. Imbalances in the Middle Jiao can lead to digestive issues, impacting overall vitality. Thus, its harmonization becomes essential for sustaining energy levels and fortifying the body's resilience. Emotions such as anxiety, worry, and insight and intuition are associated with this center.

Main Acu Point for the Middle Burner: Ren-12 (Zhong wan) and Ren-9 (Shui fen)- Used to stimulate the descending of Stomach-Qi, the transportation, and transformation by the Spleen and the rotting and ripening by the Stomach.

Lower Jiao: Portal of Elimination and Vital Essence

Descending to the lower abdomen, we encounter the Lower Jiao, intimately connected with the Large Intestines, Small Intestines, Kidneys, Bladder, and reproductive organs. This center serves as a portal for the elimination of waste and the storage of vital essences, representing the deepest reservoir of the body's life force. By balancing the Lower Jiao, practitioners aim to optimize the body's detoxification processes, promoting longevity, and enhancing overall vitality. It is within the Lower Jiao that the roots of life's energy are anchored, making it a foundational gateway to well-being.

Main Acu Point for the Lower Jiao: Ren-5 (Shi men) and BL-22 (San jiao shu)- Used to stimulate the transportation, transformation and excretion of fluids in the Lower Burner

While anatomically defined, the San Jiao is far more than physical divisions. They are dynamic gateways through which Qi flows, interconnecting the body's physiological functions with its energetic aspects. Imagine these centers as intersections where the tangible and intangible meet—a convergence of form and energy. When in harmony, the San Jiao–Upper, Middle, and Lower Jiao ensure the unimpeded flow of Qi, fostering a state of balance and vitality. In essence, the Three Jiao serve as navigational points in the intricate map of TCM, guiding practitioners toward a complete understanding of the body's physical and energetic terrain. By recognizing these centers as both anatomical and energetic, we can begin to understand the deeper connection of the body and its functions. The Three Jiao are not solitary entities; they are intricately interconnected. The harmonious flow of Qi through these areas is essential for the dynamic homeostasis needed for health.

The Upper Jiao, nestled in the chest, transforms and refines Qi, fostering mental clarity and purpose.
The Middle Jiao, seated in the abdomen, orchestrates the digestion and distribution of nourishment, influencing overall vitality.
Descending to the Lower Jiao, we encountered the portal of elimination and storage of vital essence, a reservoir that anchors the roots of life's energy.

Resources

Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen. The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine. Berkeley :University of California Press, 1966.